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Table of Contents
1. Formulations in Portable Document Format (PDF) files
2. Papers from Formulations in HTML files
3. Papers from Proceedings of FNF Forums
4. Other FNF papers
5. Production notes

1. Formulations PDF files

Altogether 30 issues of Formulations were published 1993–2002. You may download all 30 issues in one 108 MB zip file, or access individual issues in PDF files in the table below.

For most issues this table also contains a link on the right to another table farther down in Papers from Formulations in HTML files. There you can find links to most of the substantive articles in each issue — with each article in an individual HTML file.
Vol. No. Season pages Entire Issue Principal Articles
I 1 Autumn 1993 8 PDF link table of links
2 Winter 1993–94 16 PDF link table of links
3 Spring 1994 12 PDF link table of links
4 Summer 1994 16 PDF link table of links
II 1 Autumn 1994 24 PDF link table of links
2 Winter 1994–95 24 PDF link table of links
3 Spring 1995 20 PDF link table of links
4 Summer 1995 28 PDF link table of links
III 1 Autumn 1995 24 PDF link table of links
2 Winter 1995–96 32 PDF link table of links
3 Spring 1996 40 PDF link table of links
4 Summer 1996 28 PDF link table of links
IV 1 Autumn 1996 40 PDF link table of links
2 Winter 1996–97 40 PDF link table of links
3 Spring 1997 44 PDF link table of links
4 Summer 1997 16 PDF link table of links
V 1 Autumn 1997 44 PDF link table of links
2 Winter 1997–98 24 PDF link table of links
3 Spring 1998 24 PDF link table of links
4 Summer 1998 24 PDF link table of links
VI 1 Autumn 1998 40 PDF link table of links
2 Winter 1998–99 16 PDF link table of links
3 Spring 1999 36 PDF link table of links
4 Summer 1999 24 PDF link table of links
VII 1 Autumn 1999 20 PDF link table of links
2 Winter 1999–2000 28 PDF link table of links
3 Spring 2000 28 PDF link  
4 Summer/Autumn 2000 16 PDF link  
The last two issues of Formulations (below) were published by the Libertarian Nation Foundation.
  29 Summer 2001 32 PDF link  
  30 Summer 2002 36 PDF link  

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2. Papers from Formulations in HTML files

Volume I, Number 1 (Autumn 1993), this issue in PDF
Title Author
A Letter from the Founder Richard O. Hammer
A Short History: The Free Nation Foundation no author named
Apocalypse Anytime Richard O. Hammer
The Articles of Confederation Bobby Yates Emory
Virtual Cantons: A New Path to Freedom? Roderick T. Long
Problem X Richard O. Hammer
Entrepreneurs announce project to form new country on manmade island no author named
The U.S. Constitution: was it good enough? no author named
Serbia and Bosnia: A Foreign Policy Formulation Richard O. Hammer
Writers Wanted no author named
Volume I, Number 2 (Winter 1993-94), this issue in PDF
Title Author
Let the Wookiee Win Richard O. Hammer
Who's the Scrooge? Libertarians and Compassion Roderick T. Long
Social Programs: Whose Values Do They Serve Richard O. Hammer
Imagining a Free Society Part I: Wealth and Immigration Mary Ruwart
Charity Without Force: The Bishop's Storehouse Bobby Yates Emory
Punishment vs. Restitution: A Formulation Roderick T. Long
Circles of Support: A Libertarian View of Charity Richard O. Hammer
How Government Solved the Health Care Crisis: Medical Insurance that Worked Until Government "Fixed" It Roderick T. Long
Volume I, Number 3 (Spring 1994), this issue in PDF
Title Author
Government Grows: True of False? Richard O. Hammer
Law Can Be Private Richard O. Hammer
The Decline and Fall of Private Law in Iceland Roderick T. Long
Notes on the History of Legal Systems Bobby Yates Emory
Dialogue: Restitutive Justice and the Costs of Restraint Richard O. Hammer & Roderick T. Long
The Nature of Law Part I: Law and Order Without Government Roderick T. Long
A University Built by the Invisible Hand Roderick T. Long
Volume I, Number 4 (Summer 1994), this issue in PDF
Title Author
A Limited-Government Framework for Courts Richard O. Hammer
The Nature of Law Part II: The Three Functions of Law Roderick T. Long
Agreed Ground Version 0 Bobby Yates Emory
Review: "The Machinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism" by David Friedman Wayne Dawson
Imagineering Freedom: A Constitution of Liberty Part I: Between Anarchy and Limited Government Roderick T. Long
Volume II, Number 1 (Autumn 1994), this issue in PDF
Title Author
Contra Insurance Bobby Yates Emory
Comments upon Security, National and Domestic Richard O. Hammer
Devil's Advocate: No Defense Needed Bobby Yates Emory
Anarchy in the U.K.: The English Experience with Private Protection Roderick T. Long
Can We Escape the Ruling Class? Roderick T. Long
Review: "Whatever Happened to Justice" by Richard J. Maybury Chris Spruyt
The Nature of Law Part III: Law vs. Legislation Roderick T. Long
A Service Provision Alternative Bobby Yates Emory
Funding Public Goods: Six Solutions Roderick T. Long
Volume II, Number 2 (Winter 1994-95), this issue in PDF
Title Author
Stand Up Richard O. Hammer
Protective Services in a Free Nation Scott McLaughlin
Liberty and Taxes: How Compatible are They? Charles Adams
Review of Steven Horwitz's "Monetary Evolution, Free Banking, & Economic Order" Eric-Charles Banfield
The Power of Ostracism Richard O. Hammer
Slavery Contracts and Inalienable Rights: A Formulation Roderick T. Long
Imagineering Freedom: A Constitution of Liberty Part II: Defining Federal Powers Roderick T. Long
Defending a Free Nation Roderick T. Long
Volume II, Number 3 (Spring 1995), this issue in PDF
Title Author
Murray Rothbard, R.I.P Roderick T. Long
Protection from Mass Murderers: Communication of Danger: A Formulation Richard O. Hammer
Glorious Revolution for an American Free Nation Philip E. Jacobson
Elections, Libertarians, and State Power Calvin Stacy Powers
Religious Influence on Political Structure: Lessons from the Past, Prospects for the Future Roderick T. Long
Banking for Free: Banking in a Free Society Bobby Yates Emory
Review: "For Good and Evil: The Impact of Taxes on the Course of Civilization" by Charles Adams Robert Mihaly
Imagineering Freedom: A Constitution of Liberty Part III: Virtual Cantons Roderick T. Long
Volume II, Number 4 (Summer 1995), this issue in PDF
Title Author
We Huddle for a Purpose Richard O. Hammer
Three Voluntary Economies Philip E. Jacobson
Review: "The State: Its History and Development Viewed Sociologically" by Franz Oppenheimer Candice I. Copas
Dialogue: Electronic Democracy and the Prospects for a Free Nation Richard O. Hammer & Philip E. Jacobson
Review: "The Foundations of Morality" by Henry Hazlitt Richard O. Hammer
Dialogue: Inalienable Rights and Moral Foundations Maribel Montgomery & Roderick T. Long
"Liberty" is a Bad Name Richard O. Hammer
Imagineering Freedom: A Constitution of Liberty Part IV: The Rights of the People Roderick T. Long
Dismantling Leviathan from Within, Part I: Can We? Should We? Roderick T. Long
Heritage: Taxation: Voluntary or Compulsory? F.W. Read & Benjamin R. Tucker
Volume III, Number 1 (Autumn 1995), this issue in PDF
Title Author
Education in a Free Nation: Children Can Learn Without State-Forced Schooling Liz Hanson
Review: "The Secret of the League" by Ernest Bramah Sean Haugh
The Libertarian Case Against Intellectual Property Rights Roderick T. Long
Might Makes Right: An Observation and a Tool Richard O. Hammer
More on Hazlitt and Morality Maribel Montgomery
Good and Bad Collective Action: Can We Nourish One and Squelch the Other? Roderick T. Long
Dismantling Leviathan From Within, Part II The Process of Reform Roderick T. Long
Volume III, Number 2 (Winter 1995-96), this issue in PDF
Title Author
Roll Back U.S. Government? Not This Time Marc Joffe
New Country Briefs Marc Joffe
Toward Voluntary Courts and Enforcement Richard O. Hammer
A Primer on Deliberate Collective Action Earnest E. Johnson II
Intellectual Property Rights Viewed as Contracts Richard O. Hammer
Review: "Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos" by M. Mitchell Waldrop Richard O. Hammer
Free Accord Law: Ethical Communities Philip E. Jacobson
Review: "Atlas Shrugged" by Ayn Rand Richard O. Hammer
Constitutions: When They Protect and When They Do Not Randy Dumse
Dismantling Leviathan From Within, Part III: Is Politics Self-Defeating? Roderick T. Long
Volume III, Number 3 (Spring 1996), this issue in PDF
Title Author
Keeping Our Freedom in an Unfree World Mary Ruwart
Can a Stateless Society Survive? Bruce L. Benson
A State Can Be Designed to Shrink Richard O. Hammer
A Model Lease for Orbis Spencer Heath MacCallum
Political Curriculum: Education Essential to Keep a Free Society Philip E. Jacobson
The Return of Leviathan: Can We Prevent It? Roderick T. Long
Introducing Children to Liberty: A Golden Opportunity for a Free Nation's Survival Danielle Woodrich
Review: "Justice Without Law?" by Jerold S. Auerbach Sean Haugh
In Defense of Public Space Roderick T. Long
Review: "Why Government Doesn't Work" by Harry Browne Marc Joffe
Dismantling Leviathan From Within, Part IV: The Sons of Brutus Roderick T. Long
The Intellectual Property Debate George Winborne
Volume III, Number 4 (Summer 1996), this issue in PDF
Title Author
Life Without Lice!? The FNF Work Plan Richard O. Hammer
One Nation, Two Systems: The Doughnut Model Roderick T. Long
Politics versus Proprietorship Spencer Heath MacCallum
Review: "The Art of Community" by Spencer H. MacCallum Sean Haugh
Security of Information in a Free Nation Richard O. Hammer
Constitutions Are a Beginning Jim Davidson
Locks in Layers: Security Through Win-Win Connections Richard O. Hammer
The State as the Only Defense Against Nuclear War Roy Halliday
Review: "The Mechanism of Mind" by Edward de Bono Richard O. Hammer
Texans Seek Separation from U.S. Richard O. Hammer
How "Healing Our World" Went Global Mary Ruwart
The State as Penalizer Roy Halliday
Heritage: Government versus Society Thomas Paine
Volume IV, Number 1 (Autumn 1996), this issue in PDF
Title Author
The Anticrime Industry in a Free Nation Roy Halliday
Who Are the Realists Roy Halliday
Optionality: Beyond Law & Order Ben Mettes
Business in a Free Nation Philip E. Jacobson
Everyone at Risk Dennis Riness
Business in a Free Nation Richard O. Hammer
Constitutions: Written & Actual Richard O. Hammer
The Sense of Right & Man-to-Man Talk with Archy About Women Richard O. Hammer
The Athenian Constitution Roderick T. Long
Beyond the Boss: Protection from Business in a Free Nation Roderick T. Long
Volume IV, Number 2 (Winter 1996-97), this issue in PDF
Title Author
Toward a New Country in East Africa Anonymous
Airline Safety Robert Poole
Open Letter to Harry Browne Marc Joffe
Christian Libertarians Roy Halliday
Hit 'Em But Not Too Hard Richard O. Hammer
Men and Women Differ in Political Values Richard O. Hammer
The Market for Punishment Richard Hammer & Roy Halliday
Nature of Law IV: The Basis of Natural Law Roderick T. Long
Miscellaneous Reflections Roderick T. Long
Volume IV, Number 3 (Spring 1997), this issue in PDF
Title Author
Families Become Clans in a Free Society Mary Ruwart
Definition of Family in a Free Society Gordon Diem
Family Values? Let's Stop Playing Politics Ben Mettes
How Different Are Men and Women? Carol Low
Bourgeois Families Roy Halliday
From Free Families to Statist Societies and Back Again Philip E. Jacobson
Unregulated Families Richard O. Hammer
Beyond Patriarchy Roderick T. Long
Dialogue on Grading New Country Projects Richard Hammer & Spencer MacCallum
Dialogue on Archetypes Roy Halliday & Roderick Long
Volume IV, Number 4 (Summer 1997), this issue in PDF
Title Author
New Country Project Profile Marc Joffe
Was the State Inevitable? Roderick T. Long
Ideas as Property Roy Halliday
Anarchy, Order, and Government Richard O. Hammer
Somaliland: A New Book Explains Food Shortages Marc Joffe
Volume V, Number 1 (Autumn 1997), this issue in PDF
Title Author
New Countries and the Case for Keeping One's Cards Close to One's Chest Spencer Heath MacCallum
Entangling Alliances: For and Against Roderick T. Long
Foreign Relations for a Free Nation Richard O. Hammer
Aggression a Luxury, Not a Necessity Mary J. Ruwart
Thoughts on Dismantling Government Richard O. Hammer
International Relations for Free Nations Philip E. Jacobson
Natural Government vs. Artificial Government Jack W. Coxe
The Good News: Tyrants Always Fall Richard O. Hammer
The Role of Non-Governmental Actors in Shaping and Implementing Foreign Policy in a "Free Nation" Gordon Neal Diem
A Paper Tiger for a Free Nation Roy Halliday
Reply to Roderick Long's "Was the State Inevitable" Philip E. Jacobson
Food Wars and the Origin of the State Philip E. Jacobson
A "Nation" is Born Richard O. Hammer
Volume V, Number 2 (Winter 1997-98), this issue in PDF
Title Author
Notes on Foreign Relations Concerns in a Hypothetical Entrepreneurial (Landlease) Community Michael van Notten & Spencer H. MacCallum
International Conference in Rome Bobby Emory
Dialog: The Benefits of Writing about a Free Nation? Roy Halliday & Richard Hammer
Property and United Action in a Natural Government Jack Coxe
A Theory of Property Rights for a Free Nation Roy Halliday
Engineer's View of Morality Set in a Model of Life Richard O. Hammer
Volume V, Number 3 (Spring 1998), this issue in PDF
Title Author
A Plea for Public Property Roderick T. Long
Freedom Ship Project Wayne Dawson
Dialog on libertarian activism: To whom do we reach? and why? Susan Callaway & Richard Hammer
Nineteen Propositions about Property Richard O. Hammer
Locke, Hobbes, and the Free Nation Gordon Diem
Continued Dialog on the Origin of the State Roderick Long and Phil Jacobson
The Definition of "Property" and "Property Rights" in a Free Nation Gordon Diem
A Theory for Libertarianism Richard O. Hammer
Volume V, Number 4 (Summer 1998), this issue in PDF
Title Author
Bill of Law Michail van Notten
Normal People Believe in Natural Rights Roy Halliday
The REAL Limon Project Rigoberto Stewart
How to Limit Power And Protect Rights Jack W. Coxe
Dialog: On a System Which Gives Unlimited Power to Randomly Selected Arbiters Richard Hammer & Jack Coxe
Libertarianism in a Context Richard O. Hammer
Volume VI, Number 1 (Autumn 1998), this issue in PDF
Title Author
A Note About Roads Richard O. Hammer
A Time for Prototypes Bobby Yates Emory
Law as Property in a Free Nation Philip E. Jacobson
Libertarian Legal Code John Ewbank
Economic Government Robert Klassen
A New Form of Intellectual Property Protection Bobby Yates Emory
Gateway to an Altered Landscape: Law in a Free Nation Richard O. Hammer
The Importance of Objective Law: Why I Support Limited Government Adrian Hinton
Why Objective Law Requires Anarchy Roderick T. Long
Draft Constitution for a Reviving or New Nation Michael Darby
The Philosophy of Law and Justice Necessary to Sustain a Free Nation Gordon Neal Diem
Law and Violence Roy Halliday
Volume VI, Number 2 (Winter 1998-99), this issue in PDF
Title Author
A Reconsideration of Trial by Jury Wendy McElroy
Commercial Banking in a Free Society Steven Horwitz
Meeting Michael van Notten Wayne Dawson
Defending a Free Nation: The Status Economy Gary York
A Single-Owner Proprietary Nation: Advantages, Problems, and Solutions Roy Halliday
Is it Wise to Vote? Getting My Head Ready for Freedom Richard O. Hammer
Burros as Individualists Spencer MacCallum
Volume VI, Number 3 (Spring 1999), this issue in PDF
Title Author
A Scenario for Founding a Free Nation on an Imaginary Island in the Caribbean Sea Spencer H. MacCallum
Report on a Visit to Laissez Faire City in San Jose, Costa Rica John Kingman
Letter of Resignation Richard O. Hammer
Myths for a Free Nation Roderick T. Long
Myths of the Nation State Gordon Neal Diem
A Free Society Requires the Myth of a Higher Law Roy Halliday
Mythology of a Free Nation Richard O. Hammer
Libertarian Mythology Steven F. LeBoeuf
Sacred Choice: Myths for a Free Nation Philip E. Jacobson
The State is a Form of Life Richard O. Hammer
Volume VI, Number 4 (Summer 1999), this issue in PDF
Title Author
Review: Short Answers to the Tough Questions, by Mary J. Ruwart Roy Halliday
Purism vs. Practicality Richard O. Hammer
A Senate for the Free Nation Foundation, and for a Free Nation as Well Phil Jacobson
Why Not a New Hong Kong? Richard O. Hammer
Review: The Structure of Liberty, by Randy Barnett Roy Halliday
How to Handle the Press Richard O. Hammer
New Utopia Paul A. Rosenberg
Removing the Market for Coercion Jack W. Coxe
Will Bill Gates Start a New Country? The Web Lampoon
Dialog: Basic Questions About a Free Nation Roy Halliday, Spencer MacCallum, Phil Jacobson
Defense Through Free-Market Sport Douglas Nusbaum
Let's Discuss the Amount of Coercion Needed in a Free Nation Roy Halliday
Volume VII, Number 1 (Autumn 1999), this issue in PDF
Title Author
Observations upon the Limon REAL Proposal, Costa Rica Richard Hammer, Rigoberto Stewart
Planning a New Nation Michael van Notten
Selecting a Site for a Free Nation in an Unfree World Roy Halliday
Forms for a Free Nation, Alternate Visions Philip Jacobson
Get a Free Nation by Running a Professional Think Tank Richard O. Hammer
Bridge to a Free Nation Robert Klassen
Dialog: The Basis of Law Roy Halliday, Richard Hammer
Review: Citadel, Market and Altar by Spencer Heath Roy Halliday
Volume VII, Number 2 (Winter 1999-2000), this issue in PDF
Title Author
FNF Enters a New Era no author given
ISIL '99 in Costa Rica Bobby Yates Emory
Why FNF? A Personal Exposé Richard O. Hammer
Review: Vigilantes of Montana by Thomas J. Dimsdale Roy Halliday
Introduction to de Puyt's Panarchy Philip Jacobson
Panarchy P.E. de Puydt
Libertarian Community of Utopia: One Country, Three Systems Adrian C. Hinton
A Response to Adrian Hinton's "Libertarian Community of Utopia" Roy Halliday
R.J. Rummel's Research Shows That Freer Nations Are More Prosperous and Less Violent Roy Halliday
Correspondence: Another New-Country Project Emerges Ian Sawyer & Richard Hammer
Behavior in the Commons Richard O. Hammer

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3. Papers from Proceedings of FNF Forums

FNF organized semi-annual Forums in April and October of each year. For the first five of these Forums (from October 1993 to October 1995) FNF published Proceedings containing the papers presented. For those five Proceedings the tables below give: In many cases the papers published in these Proceedings duplicated papers published in Formulations. Eventually, starting with the fifth Forum in October 1995, all Forum papers were published in Formulations, and Proceedings were discontinued after that fifth Forum. If you seek one of these Proceedings papers listed below but find no link from that paper's title, you may find a link to that paper in the tables above for Formulations.


Constitutions (October 1993)
Title Author
The Basics of Constitutions Richard O. Hammer
The Articles of Confederation Bobby Yates Emory
The Rationale of a Virtual-Canton Constitution Roderick T. Long
Draft of a Virtual-Canton Constitution: Version 4 Roderick T. Long
Analysis of the Constitution of Oceania Richard Hammer, Bobby Emory & Roderick Long
The Constitution of Oceania: Draft 0.80 Eric Klien & Mike Oliver
Systems of Law (April 1994)
Title Author
Basic Questions About Law Richard O. Hammer
Law & Order Without Government Roderick T. Long
Implementing Private Law in a World of States Roderick T. Long
Notes on the History of Legal Systems Bobby Yates Emory
Security in a Free Nation (October 1994), PDF for entire document
Title Author
A Review of Libertarian Ideas About Security Richard O. Hammer
The Power of Ostracism Richard O. Hammer
Protective Services in a Free Nation Scott McLaughlin
Protection, Defense, Retaliation, Punishment Robert LeFevre
Defending a Free Nation Roderick T. Long
Insurance for Security: History & Theory Roderick T. Long
Devil's Advocate: No Defense Department is Needed Bobby Yates Emory
Providing Defense by Voluntary Means Bobby Yates Emory
Contra Insurance Bobby Yates Emory
How Can Government Establish Self-Government? (April 1995)
Title Author
Ideas on Taking Apart Government Richard O. Hammer
Viewing This Subject in Light of Public Choice Theory Roy Cordato
The Theory of Market Failure & Economic Analysis of Government Bureaucracies Roy Cordato
You Can't Do That Bobby Yates Emory
Dismantling Leviathan from Within: An Exercise in Casuistry Roderick T. Long
When the Revolution Comes Philip E. Jacobson
Glorious Revolution for an American Free Nation Philip E. Jacobson
Free Market Mechanisms for Organizing Collective Action (October 1995)
Title Author
Good & Bad Collective Action Roderick T. Long
Free Accord Law: Ethical Communities Philip E. Jacobson
A Primer on Deliberate Collective Action Earnest Johnson
Might Makes Right: An Observation and a Tool Richard O. Hammer
Toward Voluntary Courts & Enforcement Richard O. Hammer

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4. Other FNF Papers

Title Month/Year Author
Toward a Free Nation January 1993 Richard O. Hammer
Win-Win Society is Possible December 1994 Richard O. Hammer
Draft of a Virtual-Canton Constitution, Version 5 May 1994 Roderick T. Long

5. Production Notes

In June 2020 Richard Hammer added 1. Formulations in PDF files to this archive. Earlier during the late 1990s this archive was conceived and created by Philip Jacobson. It then contained 2. Papers from Formulations in HTML files as well as 3. Papers from Proceedings and 4. Other FNF Papers. Thanks to Wayne Dawson who maintained the Libertariannation.org website which hosted the archive 2001–2007, and to Earnest Johnson and Hal Noyes for helping to convert papers from their original word-processor formats into HTML files.

The Archive would not be possible without the work of the editors of Formulations:

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